Cancer researchers have made extraordinary gains in the past 15 years. Our understanding of these diseases has grown and continues to do so. We’re finding better treatments and enjoying higher success rates.

Although we know more, confusion still exists. Myths about cancer remain widespread. Sometimes this leads to poor decisions regarding seeking medical advice and treatment. It’s worth taking the time to examine some of the more persistent false ideas. Doing so can help people make good health care choices. Before we explore myths, though, let’s consider some basic facts.

Cancer is the second major cause of death in this country. Contrary to what many people believe, cancer is not one disease. It actually is a term that refers to many diseases. All of these share one trait—the development of abnormal cells that can spread through the body and destroy normal tissue. Cancer can affect various body areas, including the breasts, skin, lungs, colon, and prostate.

Doctors have known about cancer for centuries. However, research in this area only began to make big strides in the 1950s when biological and chemical knowledge reached a level that allowed greater insights. Particularly important were discoveries about the chemical structure of DNA, the basis of the genetic code that gives orders to all cells. Starting in the late 1990s, research took a great leap ahead. Because of that, scientists now have a deeper, more nuanced awareness of why cancers spread, how they form and grow, and what slows or speeds their development. That’s led to better targeted and more effective treatments. Certainly, we have much more to learn. However, the long-term trend in cancer research is definitely encouraging.

Despite these achievements, cancer myths persist. Let’s look at few of them:

• None of my relatives had cancer, so I can’t get it. It is true that genetics can play a role in some cancers—but not all of them. In fact, the possibility of getting a cancer can be affected by non-genetic factors, too, like work environment, tobacco use, obesity, and the presence of certain diseases.

• Only women get breast cancer. Some men are affected by this disease, too.

• I have a lump in my breast, but it doesn’t hurt. So I know it’s not cancer. The absence or presence of pain with a lump in the breast may or may not mean something. It’s wise not to jump to conclusions. The best choice is to check for lumps, and tell your doctor if you find one. Your physician then can ensure you get the appropriate tests, if necessary.

• I have a breast lump but it didn’t show up on the mammogram. So I’m safe. The presence or absence of a lump on a mammogram may or may not mean anything. The best course is to use physical examinations and mammograms to get a complete understanding of a lump’s significance. Always share information about lumps in the breast with your doctor, who can then determine what should be done.

• Green tea prevents breast cancer. No scientific data supports this belief.

• Cancer is contagious. It isn’t. However, as the Mayo Clinic notes, some viruses, like HPV and Hepatitis C, can lead to these diseases.

• Using saccharin, fluoridated water, and deodorants causes cancers. The National Cancer Institute reports that researchers have found no link between these and the onset of cancer.

• Microwaving plastic bowls cause cancer. The Mayo Clinic reports that microwave-safe containers are fine. However, make sure that’s what you’re using. Some plastic items aren’t made for microwaving and may leak chemicals into your food.

Besides considering myths, you can take steps to decrease the chance of getting cancer. Your best bet is to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Don’t smoke. Exercise. Watch your weight. Consume alcohol in moderation. Eat healthy foods, like fruits and vegetables, while reducing fat and sugar intake. Use sunscreen, especially if you have fair skin.

Other smart moves include discussing your health concerns with your physician. Learn as much as you can about your family’s health history and share it with your doctor. If you have medical questions, direct them to an expert. Don’t rely on rumors, don’t believe everything you read on the Internet, and don’t jump to conclusions based on emotion and popular belief. If your doctor suggests you get a cancer screening, do so. Early detection of a cancer often can lead to successful treatment.

In closing, let’s examine one last myth. Many people believe that a diagnosis of cancer is a death sentence. It isn’t. In fact, the outlook is much brighter than most people realize. Today American medicine has the best cancer treatments available in history. Success rates are the highest they’ve ever been. Cures occur more frequently. Odds are good that greater improvements lie ahead as research continues. That’s a sound basis for optimism and hope for everyone.

Greg Adams, M.D., F.A.C.S., is a general surgeon and serves the community with Tidewater Surgical Specialists, a Bon Secours Medical Group practice.